International Law and Organizations Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Treaties can be cancelled through withdrawal or via termination and suspension. States can withdraw from an agreement or treaty at any time. However, certain specific notification procedures have to be followed and adhered to. A party to a treaty can be suspended if the aforesaid party has failed to honor or follow its obligations (Finnemore 56). Treaty breaching can earn a party a permanent suspension or a temporary one depending on how the signatories to the treaty view the breach. Chinkin defined international law as the set of regulations or rules that are generally accepted and regarded as binding between sovereign states (67). International law allows states and nations to have stable relationships. Unlike state laws which are applicable within a country s boundaries, international law is applied to nations rather than to private citizens. However, national law can be elevated to become international law if treaties accord or delegate responsibilities to supranational tribunal s. The ICC (international criminal court) is one such supranational tribunal. Consequently, positive international law is defined as the law of countries which is basically made via tacit or express agreement which is made between countries. We will write a custom essay sample on International Law and Organizations or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The European Union is a supranational body.

The Definition Of Leadership By Daft - 1162 Words

The definition of leadership described by Daft (2010) and Rost (1991), is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes (Puente, 2013). In a business definition, leadership is defined as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members (Leadership vs. Management, n.d.). The definition of management described by Daft (2010), is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, and controlling organizational resources (Puente, 2013). In a business definition, management is defined as the act of directing and controlling a group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing that group towards accomplishing a goal (Daft, 2010). Fagiano (1997), defines management and leadersh ip somewhat differently. He defines management as an old definition of getting things done through other people, and the new definition of leadership as helping others do the things they know need to be done to achieve the common vision. Traits and Characteristics According to Northouse (2016) and Ricketts (2009), leadership is a process that is similar to management in many ways. In a comparison of leadership and management, they involve working and motivating people; they mobilize resources,Show MoreRelatedEvolution of Leadership Theories1600 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution of Leadership Theories Author University Leadership is, and always has been, a vital aspect of social and economic constructs. It is essential to the survival of societies, industries, organizations, and virtually any group of individuals that come together for a common purpose. However, leadership is difficult to define in a single, definitive sense. As such, theories of leadership, what constitutes a great leader, and how leaders are made have evolved constantly throughout historyRead MoreTaking a Look at the Management Process1114 Words   |  4 Pages　　　　An organizations goals and objectives can be accomplished through leadership. Leadership refers to inspire people to contribute and perform well in the management. It is a role of management and leading others towards the achievement of the common goals (Channappa, 2012). Daft (2012) reported that â€Å" In today’s world, industries, technologies, economies, governments, and societies are in constant flux, and managers are respon sible for helping their organizations navigate through the unpredictableRead MoreA Review Of Hersey-Blanchard’S Situational Theory. Leadership1067 Words   |  5 PagesSituational Theory Leadership is a complex topic and researchers have spent a considerable amount of time trying to determine what makes them effective. While traditional research focused on the leader and their traits, contemporary research is focusing on many other variable, providing a more comprehensive understanding of what it to takes to be a leader. Individualized leadership is a concept that has gained momentum as of late. Daft (2015) describes individualized leadership as, â€Å"a leader thatRead MoreOrganization Design And Organizational Design1295 Words   |  6 PagesSeveral organizations face the situation that the company fail to achieve their goals because the company managers did not understand company’s organizational design, or less clear about how does organizational design work (Daft, 2015). MindTools (2016) noted that the definition of the organization design is â€Å"the process of aligning an organization s structure with its mission†. This means the company u ses organization design to identify the mistake of procedures, structures, systems, and workflowRead MoreTheories Of Leadership And An Effective Leader1598 Words   |  7 PagesTheories of leadership provide practical advice on how to be an effective leader. Evaluate this statement with reference to at least two theories or models of leadership. In recognition on how to be an effective leader, past researches in leadership has discovered that leadership is a critical aspect to an organization and it will continue to evolve, in line with the development of human-to-human relationships (Daft Pirola-Merlo 2009, p. 4, Rast et al. 2012 p. 646). Yet, to be a leader, thereRead More Functions Of Management Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesare individuals who wear many hats. The job of every manager involves what is known as the functions of management. Richard Daft definition of management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through the employment of the four management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources (2005). Daft adds that these functions are goal-directed, interrelated and interdependent. The first of these functions, planning, involvesRead MoreThe Importance Of Information Sharing Across Learning Organizations Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesacross learning organizations (LO) vs. efficient performance organizations (EPO) first requires a definition of the two organization types. Peter Senge (1996) explains that LOs are evolving organizations that perform through â€Å"systematic problem solving, experimentation with new approaches, learning from the past, learning from the best practices of others and transferring knowledge† (p. 49). Daft (2016) would refer to this as an organic design, and would refer to the hierarchical EPO as havingRead MoreTransformational Leadership : A Transformational Leader1348 Words   |  6 Pagestransformational leadership. Transformational leadership is one of the four types of leadership styles defined in Daft’s textbook. The transformational leader is the one that cares most about the well-being of others just like the servant leader. A transformational leader is able to develop not only followers, but is also able to develop the overall vision of the company in a positive manner. Deschamps (2016) found that, â€Å"The high correlation between transformational leadership behaviors and perceptionsRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Robert Horton1369 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Styles BP Robert Horton was selected as the new Chief Executive officer in 1989: Horton took the company through a period of restructuring and was accused of a number of poor decisions including inconsistent planning, diversification and subsequent divestments, shift away from its US operations, emphasizing high risk exploration in the North Sea, and continuous downsizing. The result was a demoralized workforce, the company s first ever reported quarterly loss during 1991 and out ofRead MoreThe Cultural Values Of Organizational Design1422 Words   |  6 Pageselement of organizational design that is very difficult to define. Culture is described as the â€Å"unwritten, feeling part of the organization† (Daft, 2016, p. 386) and can be formal, informal and intangible. Daft explains that â€Å"the visible elements of culture†¦reflect deeper values in the minds of organization members† (2016, p. 387). The deeper values that Daft is referring to are the essence of culture and are therefore difficult to qualify and quantify. Large or global compani es additionally and frequently

Strategic Construction Procurement and PPP †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Construction Procurement and PPP. Answer: Introduction Public Private Partnership (PPP) refers to the contractual arrangements between the public agency and the private sector companies. The main reason behind this agreement is the sharing of assets and skills of each sector so that various services and facilities can be delivered for the public. Thus, it needs to be mentioned that there is immense need for cooperation between these agencies to get the desired results. Publicprivate Partnerships: Lessons from the British Approach (Michael Spackman: National Economic Research Associates, 15 Stratford Place, London WIC 1BE, U) Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is the examination of the experience of Britain regarding public-private partnership (PPP). Two of the major aims of the papers are to describe the evolution of PPP in United Kingdom (UK) and the examination of the details of comparative costing of public and private financing (Spackman 2002). Method: In this paper, the author has analysed and evaluated different aspects of the topic like the evaluation of the PPP policy of Britain, Private Finance Initiative (PFI) mechanism, the rationale of private financing and others. Thus, the author has adopted thematic secondary analysis (Spackman 2002). Findings: The findings states that PFI approach is more cost beneficial when compared to conventionally financed procurement. Lack of clearness can be seen in the balance of advantage. There is a strong need for central structure for the promotion and implementation of PPP policies (Spackman 2002). Implications: The author has properly explained all the relevant themes related to PPP in order to get to the correct results. Critical Appraisal: In this paper, the author has adopted qualitative thematic analysis to get the results. In this process, the author has missed the quantitative analysis part of the research (Spackman 2002). It can be said that it would be possible to reach to mote specific results with the assistance of quantitative primary research method. Conclusion: The research results clearly show the evolution of PPP in Britain. At the same time, it helps in providing details on comparative costing of private and public financing. Relationship Management in the Management of PFI/PPP Projects in the UK (Hedley Smyth and Andrew Edkins: The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK) Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is the examination of PPP management and PFI management related to the project relationship between the private parties. Thus, the objective of this paper is the exploration of the development of effective relationship between the members and contractors (Smyth and Edkins 2007). Method: The authors have conducted a survey for the collection of data concerned with the characteristics and components of trust the special purpose vehicles (SPV). For this process, the projects with 450 million of PFI and 120 million of PPP have been taken into consideration (Smyth and Edkins 2007). Findings: The findings indicate towards the scope of improvement in performance for the both short-term and long-term projects of PPP and PFI. According to the analysis, it can be seen that the private sector management of PPP is more reactive than the management of relationships. The findings of table 3 state that there is an effective relationship in project management (Smyth and Edkins 2007). Implications: The application of research method states that trust and confidence are two of the major factors for the measurement of the relationship conditions. Apart from this, this article has provided effective evaluation about the relationship management for PFI and PPP projects (Smyth and Edkins 2007). Critical Appraisal: As a part of critical appraisal, it can be observed that the authors have adopted effective methodologies that ended in fetching correct results to achieve the purpose f the research. Conclusion: Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the research process has been able to achieve the aim and objective of the paper. The Allocation of Risk in PPP/PFI Construction Projects in the UK (Li Bing, A. Akintoye and C. Hardcastle: School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK P.J. Edwards: School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia) Purpose: The main purpose of this report is the identification of the allocation of preferred risks in various PPP and PFI projects in UK. Thus, the main aim of this report is the development of guidance for the clients of public sector for the preparation of risk allocation framework (Bing et al. 2005). Method: For this report, the authors have conducted an opinion survey with the help of postal questionnaire for the exploration of allocation of risk preferences in PPP and PFI construction projects of UK. The source of survey participants is the listing people and the participants having interest in PPP and PFI (Bing et al. 2005). Findings: From the analysis of table 6, it can be observed that there are five types of risks that should be retained in the public sector; they are nationalisation, poor political decision-making process, political opposition, site availability and government stability (Bing et al. 2005). The findings state that the majority of risks need to be allocated in the private sector. The findings of the survey states that there are there are three micro level risk factors; they are staff crisis, third party tort liability and different working methods (Bing et al. 2005). Implications: From the survey, it can be seen that the survey has been able to fulfil the objectives of the research project. Critical Appraisal: It can be seen that questionnaire survey has been able to explore the preferences in risk allocation. The research result helps in the identification of major risks need to be retained and this aspect shows the success of the research. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be concluded that there is a need for the retention of site availability and political risks by the PPP and PFI projects. Transaction Costs, Relational Contracting and Public Private Partnerships: A Case Study of UK Defence (David Parker: Centre for Innovation Research, Aston Business School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK Keith Hartley: Centre for Defence Economics, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK) Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to analyse and evaluate different aspects related with the economies of PPP and PFI projects. Another main aim of this paper is to put focus on the role of transaction costs and the importance of trust in relational contracting (Parker and Hartley 2003). Method: In this paper, the authors have adopted the method of thematic analysis with the help of qualitative secondary data. It implies that authors have completed the research process based on some specific themes like rationale of PPP, theory of transaction costs and others (Parker and Hartley 2003). Findings: The findings of the paper state that the PPP policy initiatives need to be analysed and evaluated. From the results of the case study, it can be seen that there are some major potential transaction costs in the procurement of defence that leads to major PPP opportunities (Parker and Hartley 2003). Implications: The authors have selected the defence sector, as this sector has been a leading user of various PPP and PFI products. Critical Appraisal: It needs to be mentioned that there is a lack of quantitative analysis in this research paper. Most of the research processes have been conducted based on thematic analysis that may fail to fetch more appropriate results. Conclusion: As a concussion, it can be said that the analysis of the use of PPP is not always lead to economic success unless all the aspects are considered carefully. References Bing, L., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P.J. and Hardcastle, C., 2005. The allocation of risk in PPP/PFI construction projects in the UK.International Journal of project management,23(1), pp.25-35. Parker, D. and Hartley, K., 2003. Transaction costs, relational contracting and public private partnerships: a case study of UK defence.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,9(3), pp.97-108. Smyth, H. and Edkins, A., 2007. Relationship management in the management of PFI/PPP projects in the UK.International Journal of Project Management,25(3), pp.232-240. Spackman, M., 2002. Publicprivate partnerships: lessons from the British approach.Economic Systems,26(3), pp.283-301.